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The Armalite Rifle platform has been serving the United States military for more than 60 years, with its original adoption dating back to 1963. While the M16 was initially met with plenty of justified criticism, the platform and the 5.56 NATO ammunition it uses have come a long way.
When you look at what a frontline infantryman needs, it’s not surprising why it was adopted and why it’s stayed in service for so long. But, like anything else, it’s not without its flaws. In particular, there is one flaw with the M4 that, if fixed, could make it a near-perfect carbine.

On July 4, 2026, the United States turns 250. At Cogs of War, we plan to mark the occasion the way we know best: by examining how Americans have built, adapted, and fought with technology in war.From David Bushnell’s Turtle submarine to the Gatling gun, nuclear warhead, GPS, and AI, American defense innovation has always been more about people working at the edge of constraint to deliver advantage in war — improvising, scaling, and sometimes breaking institutions — than any singular invention.

While much ink has been spilled over how 3D printing has enabled intense drone-on-drone warfare in Ukraine, the U.S. defense and intelligence communities have overlooked a stealthier development: Additive manufacturing is revolutionizing how guns are produced, fielded, and sustained in armed conflicts, especially by non-state actors. What once required a web of smuggling networks, foreign sponsors, and captured stockpiles can now be made with digital files and off-the-shelf parts. Even ammunition production, once considered an insurmountable barrier, is increasingly possible.

How many energy crises will it take before we stop betting our economies on a fragile oil market?The U.S. and Israeli war with Iran quickly morphed from a regional conflict into a global energy shock. Oil and gas markets have been volatile since the start of the war, with Brent crude oil prices rising 59 percent since Iran’s effective closure of the Strait of Hormuz, one of the world’s most important energy chokepoints. In the first half of 2025, about one-fifth of the world’s oil and liquified natural gas passed through the strait.